Thyroid Diseases: A Common Concern for Women
Too much or too little—both can be problematic!
Thyroid disease, often called a "woman's disease," is influenced by hormonal changes caused by menstruation, pregnancy, and other factors that can affect thyroid hormone production.
The Thyroid: A Multifaceted Gland
The thyroid, shaped like a butterfly or shield, derives its name from the Greek word for "shield." it means "armor-shaped gland."
Located between the thyroid cartilage and various muscles, the thyroid is typically not visible or palpable under normal conditions. However, when enlarged due to disease, it becomes noticeable and easy to detect.
Despite its small size, the thyroid is a vital endocrine organ that regulates metabolism and energy in the body. Women are more prone to thyroid diseases, making it a critical health concern for them.
What is the Thyroid?
The thyroid gland produces, stores, and releases thyroid hormones, which are essential for metabolism and energy regulation. Situated at the front of the neck below the jaw, it resembles a butterfly in shape, with each "wing" measuring about 2 cm wide and 5 cm tall. The gland weighs around 15–20 g in total.
In healthy individuals, the thyroid is not visible or palpable, but thyroid diseases can make it enlarged and noticeable. Even without a disease, in thin, long-necked women, the thyroid may appear prominent.
Functions of Thyroid Hormones
The thyroid plays a crucial role in:
- Regulating body temperature
- Controlling heart and digestive functions
- Managing cholesterol and fat metabolism
- Supporting muscle strength and tone
- Influencing growth hormone secretion
- Maintaining emotional stability
Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism
Thyroid function disorders are broadly categorized as hyperthyroidism (excess hormone production) and hypothyroidism (insufficient hormone production). Blood tests can easily measure hormone levels for diagnosis.
Hyperthyroidism
When the thyroid produces too much hormone, it accelerates metabolism. Common symptoms include:
- Rapid heartbeat, sweating, and heat intolerance
- Tremors and palpitations
- Nervousness, fatigue, and sleep disturbances
- Irregular menstrual cycles
Cause: Often due to autoimmune conditions like Graves' disease, where the immune system attacks the thyroid, overstimulating hormone production.
Treatment: Includes anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery.
Hypothyroidism
A sluggish thyroid slows down metabolism. Symptoms include:
- Fatigue and lethargy
- Sensitivity to cold
- Weight gain despite low appetite
- Dry skin, hair thinning, and swelling
Cause: Often linked to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system gradually destroys thyroid tissue.
Treatment: Hormone replacement therapy with medications to normalize hormone levels.
